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Infekční nemoci a problematika sanitace na příkladu vybraných regionů Indie
Krupicová, Vendula
The bachelor's thesis deals with infectious diseases and poor sanitation in India. Epidemiological and demographic transitions are described in the thesis, which is followed by specific cases of the disease in India and the sanitation situation. The theoretical part is divided into a general overview of theories and then into the inclusion of India in the framework of epidemiology. The third part deals with the sanitation situation in the country and compares the access to sanitation between rural and urban areas, mentions the consequences of poor sanitation and evaluates some government measures as a solution to the sanitation situation. In the fourth part, two case studies are mentioned, which will specify the situation in selected regions of India in more detail. The practical part deals with interviews with experts who have been in the state of Jharkhand, and experts who compared the situation in the Czech Republic and India. The discussion and conclusion containing a summary, fulfilment of goals and suggestions for future additions.
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Evolutionary implications of innate immunity receptors polymorphism
Bainová, Zuzana ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Zajícová, Alena (referee)
Interactions between hosts and their parasites are considered to be one of the major forces driving animal evolution. It can be assumed that the evolutionary changes will occur especially in host molecules directly involved in these interactions. The first line of host defense is formed by innate immunity receptors among which also pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) belong. PRRs detect the presence of parasites at the beginning of their invasion by binding characteristic structures of their bodies (so called pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs, e. g. lipopolysaccharide, flagellin or peptidoglycans) or abnormal self molecules (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, e.g heat shock proteins). Although this mechanism of immune system activation is based on the recognition of ligands that are relatively evolutionarily conservative in pathogens, growing body of evidence suggests that PRRs are highly polymorphic on both interspecific and intraspecific level. High frequencies of minority alleles can be observed in most populations studied. It has been proven that particular alleles of many PRRs may associate with increased or decreased resistance to various infectious or autoimmunity diseases. Relationship between polymorphic receptor and a disease could be the main force, which shapes the...
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Mortality in the czech countries in the years 1920-1937 with emphasis on selected infectious diseases
Skalák, Zdeněk ; Fialová, Ludmila (advisor) ; Kurtinová, Olga (referee)
Mortality in the Czech countries in the years 1920-1937 with emphasis on selected infectious diseases Abstract The aim of this work is to analyze mortality rates in the czech countries in the years 1920-1937. We focus on a group of infectious diseases that had in this period in terms of cause of death still a high proportion. The rate of mortality due to infectious diseases is dependent on many aspects, such as the correct detection of the disease, effective vaccines and the level of medicine. It is these causes that brought about the sharp decline in mortality due to infectious diseases in the late 19th century. Hovewer, the First World War interupted this permanent decline and the newly created Czechoslovak state had to deal with relatively high mortality due to these diseases. The inter-war period saw recurrent epidemies of infectious deseases, nevertheless until the Second World War we can see the change in mortality due to causes. The infectious diseases are gradually replaced by modern diseases, especially cancers and diseases of the circulatory system. Key words: mortality, causes of death, infectious diseases, decomposition, classification of causes of death, medical discoveries, the level of health
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Selected infectious illnesses - procedures of emergency medical service
SVOBODOVÁ, Adéla
This bachelor thesis is dealing with problems of selected infectious illnesses and procedures of emergency medical servise during dealing with infectious patients. We want to achieve the summary review about selected infectious diseases with the context of the laws in the Czech republic. An important part of this thesis is charting of possibilities of prevention of infectious diseases in conditions of emergency medical service. The thesis is aimed on 4th biological agens of the highest biological safety level against which do not exist any effective treatment. These includes viral hemorrhagic fevers, variola and equine morbilli virus. The selection was decided of division according to valid notice in the Czech republic, which these illnesses graded among the most dangerous. The first part of the thesis contains to complex spreading and transmission of infectious diseases. This part can be use for better understanding and orientation in the following chapters of thesis. The next chapters deal with the aforementioned selected infectious illnesses, barrier nursing care ( focused on emergency medical servise). There are also described primary protective equipment of paramedic and the basic role of the Biohazard team of Jihočeský kraj, which is an important part of the system solution for infectious illnesses. The issue of the thesis id the so-calles The ten proceeding againts infectious illnesses. The effort includes supplemental photographs, which are gained during visits of emergency medical servise and some hospital departments. In the attachement there is a recommendation of Regional Hygiene Station for safer and easier dealing with infectious patients.
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Mortality in the czech countries in the years 1920-1937 with emphasis on selected infectious diseases
Skalák, Zdeněk ; Fialová, Ludmila (advisor) ; Kurtinová, Olga (referee)
Mortality in the Czech countries in the years 1920-1937 with emphasis on selected infectious diseases Abstract The aim of this work is to analyze mortality rates in the czech countries in the years 1920-1937. We focus on a group of infectious diseases that had in this period in terms of cause of death still a high proportion. The rate of mortality due to infectious diseases is dependent on many aspects, such as the correct detection of the disease, effective vaccines and the level of medicine. It is these causes that brought about the sharp decline in mortality due to infectious diseases in the late 19th century. Hovewer, the First World War interupted this permanent decline and the newly created Czechoslovak state had to deal with relatively high mortality due to these diseases. The inter-war period saw recurrent epidemies of infectious deseases, nevertheless until the Second World War we can see the change in mortality due to causes. The infectious diseases are gradually replaced by modern diseases, especially cancers and diseases of the circulatory system. Key words: mortality, causes of death, infectious diseases, decomposition, classification of causes of death, medical discoveries, the level of health
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Evolutionary implications of innate immunity receptors polymorphism
Bainová, Zuzana ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Zajícová, Alena (referee)
Interactions between hosts and their parasites are considered to be one of the major forces driving animal evolution. It can be assumed that the evolutionary changes will occur especially in host molecules directly involved in these interactions. The first line of host defense is formed by innate immunity receptors among which also pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) belong. PRRs detect the presence of parasites at the beginning of their invasion by binding characteristic structures of their bodies (so called pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs, e. g. lipopolysaccharide, flagellin or peptidoglycans) or abnormal self molecules (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, e.g heat shock proteins). Although this mechanism of immune system activation is based on the recognition of ligands that are relatively evolutionarily conservative in pathogens, growing body of evidence suggests that PRRs are highly polymorphic on both interspecific and intraspecific level. High frequencies of minority alleles can be observed in most populations studied. It has been proven that particular alleles of many PRRs may associate with increased or decreased resistance to various infectious or autoimmunity diseases. Relationship between polymorphic receptor and a disease could be the main force, which shapes the...
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Importance of childhood immunization coverage control
CHOCHOLOVÁ, Barbora
This diploma thesis deals with the issue of vaccination coverage among children. Vaccination in the Czech Republic has a long tradition and represents a very effective protection of children and adults not only against infectious diseases, but also against their consequences. It also prevents the development of infectious diseases. Vaccination is one of the most successful preventive methods that affect the health of individuals and the whole population. Vaccination is also very important for unvaccinated individuals. If the population reaches a high level of vaccination coverage, the spread of infection between vaccinated individuals is interrupted which significantly reduces the risk of transmission of infection to unvaccinated individuals as well. Vaccination thus protects also those who cannot be vaccinated because of illness, decreased immunity or other reasons. Currently, however, there are some opinions which question the usefulness and importance of compulsory vaccination. An increasing number of those who refuse vaccination occur due to the increased accessibility of the Internet and social networks, where we can notice a growing amount of information to the disadvantage of vaccination. The most common reason for refusing vaccination is the belief that some vaccinations are not necessary. The thesis is divided into two main parts - theoretical and practical. The first theoretical chapter contains an introduction to the issue of vaccination. In the following part of my thesis I deal with the system of vaccination in the Czech Republic, its planning, organization and control, and the role of public health protection authorities. The following chapter deals with the importance and division of vaccination and kinds of vaccines. The thesis is also focused on the diseases which are vaccinated against under mandatory vaccination scheme. At present mandatory vaccination in the Czech Republic includes vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, rubella, mumps, measles, transmissible polio, hepatitis B and invasive diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Vaccination especially against tick-borne encephalitis, hepatitis A, diseases caused by pneumococci and invasive meningococcal disease is recommended. Last but not least, I also mention contraindications for vaccination and the adverse reactions after the vaccination. In the next chapter of the theoretical part I write about the implementation of vaccination and the control management of vaccination coverage in the Czech Republic. In conclusion of the theoretical part I deal with the issue of vaccination opponents and their reasons for refusing vaccination.
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Health and social issues of vaccination
OLIVOVÁ, Vladimíra
The system of vaccination in the Czech Republic has a long tradition and the protection of public health and maintenance of a high immunization coverage in the population have always been a priority. The main goal of this bachelor's thesis is to perform an analysis of the morbidity levels of infectious diseases against which voluntary or mandatory vaccination is available in children and adults and of their social and health impacts, provide a rationale for vaccination and demonstrate the consequences of vaccine denialism. The theoretical part of the bachelor's thesis is based upon the analysis of scientific literature and represents a comprehensive introduction to the concept of vaccination, including a brief overview of the course, consequences and current spread of selected infectious diseases against which vaccination is available. The practical part of the bachelor's thesis is a combination of a secondary data analysis and quantitative research investigation utilizing the method of anonymous questionnaires, aimed at uncovering the opinions of citizens on the vaccination of children and adults. Three hypotheses were formulated. The H1 hypothesis that "The opinions of respondents concerning vaccination will differ based on their age", The H2 hypothesis that "Respondents with tertiary education have more information on the course and potential consequences of infectious diseases which can be vaccinated against" and The H3 hypothesis that "Younger respondents make use of the subsidization of non-mandatory vaccination provided by the insurance companies more often". The issue of vaccination has become an often-discussed topic in the recent years, in particular in relation to vaccination mandates. Vaccination objectors and organized anti-vaccination movements have begun to appear, resulting in undue emphasis being placed on detrimental side effects of vaccination, while ignoring the risks of infectious diseases and their health and social impacts.
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Surveillance of infectious diseases from the viewpoint of international cooperation in accordance to EU regulations
NYAMBE, Anayawa
Infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Due to these times of increased globalization, Europe must react quickly to the threat of infectious diseases by introducing effective control mechanisms and prevention programs to limit their spread. From the perspective of international cooperation, the Czech Republic is bound to ensure the reporting of infectious diseases from the national level to the EU Community and the World Health Organization. The following work is dedicated to the study of infectious disease surveillance. This study looks at the initial origins of infectious disease surveillance, to the development of surveillance in the Czech Republic and the recent advances in infectious disease surveillance in the European Union. The research also takes a brief look at the general principles of surveillance and the global situation, all as a means to give a comprehensive study of disease surveillance as a way to control the spread of infectious diseases. Finally, this thesis outlines the changes that have occurred in infectious disease surveillance in Czech Republic and the European Union during this last decade.
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